Getting Started with Freight Shipping
Shipping freight for the first time can feel overwhelming. Unlike parcel shipping, freight involves larger volumes, weight-based pricing, freight classes, and a network of carriers with different capabilities. This guide breaks the process down into manageable steps so you can ship with confidence from day one.
Step 1: Classify and Measure Your Freight
Before you can get a quote, you need accurate information about your shipment:
- Weight: Weigh your cargo including all packaging materials.
- Dimensions: Measure length, width, and height in inches or centimeters.
- Freight class: In the US, LTL freight uses the NMFC (National Motor Freight Classification) system, which assigns a class from 50 to 500 based on density, stowability, handling, and liability.
- Commodity description: Carriers need to know what you're shipping to price it correctly and comply with regulations.
Step 2: Choose the Right Shipping Mode
Your shipment size largely determines which mode makes sense:
| Shipment Size | Recommended Mode |
|---|---|
| Under 150 lbs | Parcel (UPS, FedEx) |
| 150–10,000 lbs | LTL (Less Than Truckload) |
| 10,000+ lbs or full trailer | FTL (Full Truckload) |
| International large volume | Ocean or Air Freight |
Step 3: Package and Palletize Your Cargo
Proper packaging protects your goods and can prevent costly freight claims:
- Use sturdy corrugated boxes rated for the weight of your contents.
- Wrap fragile items individually with bubble wrap or foam.
- Stack boxes on a standard 48" × 40" pallet where possible.
- Stretch wrap the pallet tightly in multiple layers.
- Ensure the load does not overhang the pallet edges.
Step 4: Get Freight Quotes
Use a freight broker or online load board to compare rates from multiple carriers. When requesting a quote, have ready:
- Origin and destination zip codes
- Pickup and delivery dates
- Freight class and weight
- Any special services (liftgate, inside delivery, residential pickup)
Step 5: Prepare the Bill of Lading (BOL)
The Bill of Lading is the most important document in freight shipping. It serves as a contract between the shipper and carrier, and as a receipt of goods. Most carriers provide a BOL template, or you can use your freight broker's system. Ensure the following fields are accurate:
- Shipper and consignee contact information
- Pickup and delivery addresses
- Number of pieces, weight, and freight class
- Commodity description and any hazmat declarations
Step 6: Track Your Shipment
Most carriers offer online tracking via a PRO number (a unique shipment identifier assigned by the carrier). Keep this number handy and use it to monitor transit status. Communicate estimated delivery dates to your consignee to ensure someone is available to receive the freight.
Common Beginner Mistakes to Avoid
- Underestimating weight or dimensions — Carriers re-weigh and re-measure freight; discrepancies lead to additional charges.
- Incorrect freight class — This is one of the most common causes of re-billing after delivery.
- Skipping insurance — Carrier liability is often limited; consider freight insurance for high-value goods.
- Forgetting accessorial fees — Liftgate, residential delivery, and limited access locations add costs not reflected in the base rate.
Final Thoughts
Freight shipping becomes much simpler once you understand the terminology and workflow. Start with a straightforward domestic LTL shipment, build a relationship with a reliable freight broker, and you'll find the process becomes second nature within a few shipments.